LO 7101 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND
APPLICATIONS L T P C
4 0 0 4
OBJECTIVE:
To educate the
students the importance of electromagnetic radiation
UNIT I PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES
9 Introduction – Maxwell’s equations – plane waves in a dielectric –
Poynting vector – complex notation – wave propagation in lossy medium.
UNIT II REFLECTION AND REFRACTION OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 9
Interface of two homogeneous nonabsorbing dielectrics – total internal
reflection and evanescent waves – reflection and transmission by a film – extension
of two films – interference filters – periodic media – presence of absorbing
media: reflection and transmission.
UNIT III WAVE
PROPAGATION IN ANISOTROPIC MEDIA
9 Introduction – double refraction – polarization devices – plane waves
in anisotropic media – wave refractive index – ray refractive index – ray
velocity surface – index ellipsoid – phase velocity and group velocity
UNIT IV ELECTROMAGNETIC ANALYSIS- SIMPLE
OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE 9
Introduction – classification of modes for planar waveguide – TE modes in a
symmetric step index planar waveguide – TM modes – relative magnitudes – power
– radiation modes – excitation – Maxwell’s equations in inhomogeneous media.
UNIT V ANALYSIS OF OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES 9
Quasimodes in planar structure – leakage of power from the core – determination
of propagation characteristics – calculation of bending loss – optical fiber –
numerical aperture – modal analysis for step index and parabolic index medium –
multimodes – modes in an asymmetric planar waveguide – Ray analysis – WKB
analysis – coupled mode theory.
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
OUTCOME:
The students
will understand how Maxwell’s electromagnetic wave equations are derived from
the basic laws of Physics. Also they will learn to apply electromagnetic wave
equations in different media and to analyze the interaction.
REFERENCES:
1. A.
Ghatak and K. Thiagarajan, Optical electronics, Cambridge University Press,
(2013).
2. M.N.O.
Sadiku, Elements of electromagnetics, Oxford Univ. Press., New York (2014).
3. Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Eric Michielssen, Umberto Ravaioli,
Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics, Prentice Hall., New York (2014).
4. Ammon
Yariv, Quantum Electronics, (3rd Edition), Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi(2012).
5. G.
P. Agrawal, Nonlinear fiber optics, Elsevier, Oxford (2013).
6. David
J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electromagnetics, Pearson Education, (2013).
LO 7102 LASER
ENGINEERING AND APPLICATIONS L
T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
Educating the students about fabrication and configuration
of different lasers
UNIT I GAS LASERS 9
Electrical discharge mechanism
– Gas discharge processes, Glow discharge, RF discharge, Hollow cathode
discharge and pulsed discharge- Selective Excitation processes in gas
discharges-Excitation mechanism - Power supplies for pulsed and CW gas lasers –
He-Ne laser, Copper vapour laser, Argon-ion laser, He-Cd laser, He-Se laser.
Excitation mechanism - Nitrogen laser - Carbon-dioxide laser - Gas dynamic
laser - Excimer laser - Chemical laser - X-ray laser - Free electron laser.
UNIT II SOLID
STATE, SEMICONDUCTOR AND LIQUID LASERS 9
Pumping mechanism - Arc lamp -
Diode pumping - Cavity configuration - Ruby laser - Nd:YAG; Nd:Glass; Er doped
laser, Ti - Sapphire laser – fiber laser - Fiber Raman laser. Intrinsic
semiconductor laser - Doped semiconductor - Conduction for laser actions –
Injection laser - Threshold current – Homojunction – Hetrojunction. Double
hetro- junction lasers - Quantum well laser - Distributed feedback laser - Liquid lasers - Organic dyes
- Pulsed-CW dye laser - Threshold condition - Configuration - Tuning methods.
UNIT III ULTRA
SHORT PULSE GENERATION AND MEASUREMENT 9
Nano second pulse generation-
Pico,nano,femto and atto second pulse generation - Q-switching: methods -
Cavity damping - Mode locking – Configurations – Methods of detection and
measurement of ultrashort pulses.
UNIT
IV METROLOGICAL
APPLICATIONS 9
CW
and Pulsed laser beam characteristics and its measurements- Beam focusing
effects-spot size-Power and Energy density Measurements-Distance measurement -
Interferometric techniques – Calibration Methods -LIDARS - Theory and different
experimental arrangements - Pollution monitoring by remote sensing -
Applications - Laser gyroscope.
UNIT V MATERIAL PROCESSING 9
Models for laser heating - Choice of a laser for material
processing - Laser welding, drilling, machining and cutting - Laser surface
treatment - Laser vapour deposition - Thin film applications.
TOTAL:
45 PERIODS
OUTCOME:
The
students will explain the engineering principles and working of different types
of lasers and their applications.
REFERENCES:
1. R.B.
Laud. Lasers and Non linear optics. New
Age International (P) Ltd. New Delhi. (2011).
2. Walter
Koechner. Solid State Lasers Engineering. Springer Verlag, New York. (2010).
3. J.
Verdeyen. Laser Electronics. Prentice Hall (1994).
4. Alphan Sennaroglu.
Photonics and Laser Engineering: Principles, Devices, and Applications.
McGraw-Hill Professional (2010)
5. K.R.Nambiar.
Lasers: Principles, Types and Applications. New Age International (P) Ltd.
Publishers, New Delhi. (2009).
LO 7103
MATERIALS FOR OPTICAL DEVICES
L T P C 3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
Educating the students to
understand about various materials available for fabricating optical devices
UNIT I OPTICAL
PROCESSES 9
Refractive index and dispersion
– transmission, reflection and absorption of light – glass and amorphous
materials – optical material for UV and IR. Semiconductors: electron-hole pair
formation and recombination – absorption in semiconductors – radiation in
semiconductors – Augur recombination- photoluminescence – electroluminescent process
– choice of LED materials.
UNIT II LASER
CRYSTALS 9
Spectroscopy of
laser crystals – laser crystals for high gain – crystal growth and
characterization.
UNIT III OPTICS OF
ANISOTROPIC CRYSTALS
9
Biaxial, uniaxial crystals –
double refraction – index ellipsoid – optical activity – nonlinear optical
crystals – liquid crystals – photorefractive materials – theory of
photorefractivity – application of photorefractive materials.
UNIT IV SEMICONDUCTORS 9
Band gap modification by
alloying optical properties of quantum well, quantum wire and quantum dot
structures – photonic band gap (PBG) materials – growth of PBG materials –
light transmission in PBG materials.
UNIT V OPTICS OF THIN FILMS 9
Reflection, transmission and absorption in thin films – antireflection
(AR) coating: single layer AR coating – double layer AR coatings – multilayer
AR coatings – inhomogeneous AR coatings.
Reflection coatings: metal reflectors – all dielectric reflectors.
Interference filters: edge filters – band pass filters – Fabry-Perot filters –
multicavity filters – thin film polarizers – beam splitters – thin film optical
integrated structures and devices.
TOTAL:
45 PERIODS
OUTCOME:
The
students will explain the principles of optical properties of materials and
device applications.
REFERENCES:
1. Pallab Bhattacharya,
Semiconductor optoelectronic devices. PHI Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2009). 2.
B.E.A. Saleh and M.C. Teich. Fundamentals of photonics. Wiley India Pvt Ltd.
(2012)
3. Walter
Koechner. Solid State Lasers Engineering. Springer Verlag, New York (2010).
4. R.W.
Munn and C.N. Ironsid. Nonlinear optical materials. Springer, Berlin (2013).
5. George I. Stegeman and Robert A. Stegeman.
Nonlinear Optics: Phenomena, Materials and Devices. Wiley, New Jersey (2012).
6. Ammon
Yariv. Quantum Electronics. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2012).
7. A.
Ghatak and K. Thiagarajan. Optical electronics. Cambridge University Press
(2013).
8. Mark
Fox. Optical properties of solids. Oxford University Press (2010).
LO
7105
OPTOELECTRONICS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
Educating the students the basics of semiconductor
optoelectronics
UNIT I
REVIEW OF SEMICONDUCTOR
DEVICE PHYSICS 9
Energy bands in solids, the E-k
diagram, Density of states, Occupation probability, Fermi level and quasi Fermi
levels, p-n junctions, Schottky junction and Ohmic contacts. Semiconductor
optoelectronic materials, Bandgap modification, Heterostructures and Quantum
Wells.
UNIT II SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTON SOURCES 9
Rates of emission and
absorption, Condition for amplification by stimulated emission, the laser
amplifier. Electroluminescence. The LED: Device structure, materials and
characteristics. The Semiconductor Laser: Basic structure, theory and device
characteristics; direct current modulation. Quantum-well lasers; DFB-, DBR- and
vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL); Laser diode
arrays.Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA), SOA characteristics and their
applications.
UNIT III SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTODETECTORS AND SOLAR
CELLS 9
Types of photodetectors,
Photoconductors, Single junction under illumination: photon and carrierloss
mechanisms, Noise in photodetection; Photodiodes, PIN diodes and APDs:
structure, materials, characteristics, and device performance.
Photo-transistors and CCDs – Noise in photodetectors – photovoltaic device
principles – PN junction photovoltaic characteristics – temperature effects –
solar cells materials, devices and efficiencies.
UNIT IV OPTOELECTRONIC MODULATION AND SWITCHING
DEVICES 9
Analog and digital modulation –
Franz-Keldysh and Stark effect modulators – quantum well electoabsorption
modulators. Optical switching and logic devices: self-electro-optic device –
bipolar controller-modualtor – switching speed and energy.
UNIT V OPTOELECTRONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 9 Hybrid
and monolithic integration – applications of Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits
(OEICs) – materials and processing for OEICs – integrated transmitters and
receivers – guided wave devices – optical interconnects.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOME:
The students will explain about the principles
of semiconductors, optical processes in semiconductors and working of
optoelectronic devices.
REFERENCES:
1. Pallab
Bhattacharya. Semiconductor optoelectronic devices.PHI Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
(2009).
2. S.O.
Kasap. Optoelectronics and photonics. Pearson, New Delhi (2013).
3. C.R.
Pollock. Fundamentals of optoelectronics. Irwin, Chicago (1995).
4. J.
Wilson. Optoelectronics: An Introduction. Prentice-Hall (1997).
5. Ammon
Yariv. Quantum Electronics. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi (2012).
6. A.
Ghatak and K. Thiagarajan. Optical electronics. Cambridge University Press
(2013).
7. B.E.A.
Saleh and M.C. Teich. Fundamentals of photonics. Wiley India Pvt Ltd.
(2012) 8. Jasprit Singh. Semiconductor
optoelectronics: Physics and Technology. McGraw-Hill (1995).
9. E. Rosencher, B.Vinter and P. G. Piva. Optoelectronics.
Cambridge University Press (2002).
LO 7106 PRINCIPLES OF OPTICS AND LASERS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
Teaching the students about the principles of optics and
lasers
UNIT I APPLIED OPTICS 9
Wave equation – linearly polarized
waves – circularly and elliptically polarized waves – physics of lenses – types
of lenses – two beam interference –
multiple reflections from a plane parallel film – modes of the Fabry-Perot
cavity – spatial and temporal coherence – propagation and diffraction of a
Gaussian beam.
UNIT II RADIATION IN A CAVITY 9
Black body radiation - Modes of
oscillation - Einstein coefficients - relation between the absorption
coefficients and Einstein coefficients - Lifetime of excited state- decay of
excited states, Line Broadening mechanisms – quantum mechanical description of
radiating atoms, molecules in gas, liquid & solid phase, selection rules
for atoms and molecules, Spectral notation.
UNIT III
INTRODUCTION TO LASERS 9
Condition for producing laser - population inversion, gain
and gain saturation – saturation intensity
- Threshold condition – requirements
for obtaining population inversion – 2,3 and 4 level systems – steady
state and transient population processes – variation of laser power around
threshold – optimum output coupling conditions for CW and pulsed laser action.
UNIT IV CAVITY OPTICS AND LASER MODES
9 Requirements for a resonator – gain and loss in a cavity – resonator
as an interferometer – longitudinal modes – wavelength selection in multiline
lasers – single frequency operation – characterization of resonator – resonator
stability for Guassian beams – common cavity configurations. Spatial energy
distributions: Transverse modes and limiting modes – resonator alignment – gain
and saturation effects.
UNIT V Q-SWITCHING, MODE LOCKING AND
COHERENCE OF LASERS 9 Concept of Q-switching and experimental
methods – intracavity switches – energy storage in laser media – pulse power
and energy – cavity dumping - Theory of Mode locking and experimental methods -
Spatial and Temporal coherence - Auto and mutual correlation function -
Analytical treatment of Visibility.
TOTAL:
45 PERIODS
OUTCOME:
The students will discuss the
basic theory of optics, lasers, importance of optical resonators and different
methods of laser beam control.
REFERENCES:
1. K.
Thyagarajan and A. Ghatak. Lasers: Fundamentals and applications. Springer, New
York (2010).
2. Ammon
Yariv. Quantum Electronics. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2012).
3. J.
Verdeyen. Laser Electronics. Prentice Hall, (1994).
4. O.Svelto.
Laser Physics. Springer, New York (2010).
5. Mark
Steven Csele. Fundamentals of light sources and lasers. Wiley Interscience, New
Jersey (2004).
LO 7104 MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS FOR OPTICAL
ENGINEERING L T P C
4 0 0
4
OBJECTIVE:
To prepare the students to apply mathematics in real Physics
problems
UNIT
I VECTORS
AND TENSORS 12
Gauss divergence theorem – Stokes’s theorem – Green’s
theorem – applications to electromagnetic field – definition of tensors –
algebra of Cartesian tensors – outer product contraction and quotient theorems
– Kronecker & Levi-Civita tensors – example – applications in physics –
crystal optics.
UNIT II PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES 12
Introduction -sets -probability and relative frequency -random variables
-cumulative distribution functions and probability density functions -ensemble
average and moments - binomial, poisson, uniform, Gaussian and sinusoidal
distributions -functional transformations of random variables multivariate
statistics -central limit theorem (statement and applications) - power spectral
density -dc and rms values for
ergodic random processes.
UNIT III FOURIER
TRANSFORMATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 12
Fourier series -Fourier transform and spectra
-Parseval's theorem -Dirac delta function – unit step function -two dimensional
signals -Fresnel & Fraunhofer diffraction -examples FT by lens– point
source -single slit, double slit-circular aperture -cosine grating - coherent
optical filtering - holographic filters
- discrete Fourier transform.
UNIT IV SPECIAL
FUNCTIONS 12
Beta and Gamma functions
-Legendre, Bessel, Hermite and Lagurre polynomials - generating functions
-recurrence relations, orthogonal relations, associated polynomials and their
properties confluent hyper geometric functions and their properties.
UNIT V DYNAMICAL
SYSTEMS 12
Linear and nonlinear oscillators
– autonomous and non-autonomous systems – classification of equilibrium points
– bifurcations and chaos – chaos in a model laser system – linear and nonlinear
dispersive waves – Nonlinear Schrodinger equation in optical fibers - solitary
wave solutions and basic solitons, Nonlinear Schrodinger equation: envelope
soliton, Hiroto’s method, IST method. Numerical analysis: Euler method and 4th
order Runge-Kutta method for solving differential equations –finite difference
and finite element analysis methods for solving partial differential equations.
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
OUTCOME:
The students will explain the basic mathematical methods
including dynamical systems theory for
applying them in real Physics problems.
REFERENCES:
1. E.
Kreyszig. Advanced engineering mathematics. Wiley-India, New Delhi (2011).
2. Peter
V.O’Neil. Advanced engineering mathematics. Cengage (2012).
3.
M.D.Greenberg. Advanced engineering mathematics.
Pearson, NewDehli (2009). 4. K. F. Riley, M.P. Hobson and S.J. Bence.
Mathematical methods for physics and
Engineering. Cambridge Univ. Press, NewDelhi (2010).
5. Leon
W. Couch. Digital and analog communication systems. Pearson Education, New
Delhi (2013 ).
6. W-Lauterborn.
T. Kurz and M. Wiesenfeldt. Coherent optics and applications. Springer. Berlin
(1995).
7. M.
Lakshmanan and S. Rajasekar. Nonlinear dynamics: Integrability, chaos and
patterns. Springer. Berlin (2003).
8. M.Lakshmanan
and K. Murali. Chaos in nonlinear oscillators: Controlling and Synchronization.
World Scientific, Singapore (1996).
LO 7111 LASER
LABORATORY - I L
T P C
0 0 4
2
OBJECTIVE:
To carry out different
diffraction and interference based experiments using optical devices and
lasers.
Any ten experiments
1. Measurement
of Brewster angle and the refractive index of a transparent material.
2. Studies
on lenses
3. Study
of magneto-optic rotation and magneto-optic modulation.
4. Kerr
Effect Study
5. Measurement
of Spatial and Temporal Coherence
6. Fraunhofer
Diffraction Experiments
7. Fourier
Filtering Experiments
8. Effect
of Polarization on Interference
9. Acoustical
Modulator
10. Gas laser
design
11. Transversely
Pumped Dye Lasers
12. Longitudinally
Pumped Dye Lasers
13. Holographic
Recording and Reconstruction
14. Speckle
Photography
15. Construction
of an optical phototransistor switch
16. Construction
of low-intensity, high-intensity LED circuits.
17. Study of
white, high-intensity red and IR light on a phototransistor and a photovoltaic
cell.
18. Construction
of optical transmitter and receiver circuits.`
19. Fiber
Communication Installation Procedure
20. Setting up
of Fiber Optic Analog Link
21. Setting up
of Fiber Optic Digital Link
22. Measurement
of Losses in Optical Fiber
23. Measurement
of Numerical Aperture
24. Time
Division Multiplexing of Signals
TOTAL:
60 PERIODS
OUTCOME:
The students will demonstrate the principles of diffraction,
interference and fiber optics.
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