UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENTS
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI 600 025
REGULATIONS - 2013
M.TECH. LASER AND ELECTRO OPTICAL
ENGINEERING
CURRICULUM AND SYLLABUS I TO IV
SEMESTERS (FULL TIME)
SEMESTER I
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SL.
NO
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COURSE CODE
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COURSE TITLE
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L
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T
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P
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C
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THEORY
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1.
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LO8101
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Electromagnetic Theory and Applications
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3
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1
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0
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4
|
|
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2.
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LO8102
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Laser Engineering and Applications
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3
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0
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0
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3
|
|
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3.
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LO8103
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Materials for Optical Devices
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3
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0
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0
|
3
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|
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4.
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LO8104
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Optoelectronics
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3
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0
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0
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3
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|
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5.
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LO8105
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Principles of Optics and Lasers
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3
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0
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0
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3
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|
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6.
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MA8158
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Mathematical Physics for Optical
Engineering
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3
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1
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0
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4
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PRACTICAL
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|
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|
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7.
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LO8111
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Laser
Laboratory I
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0
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0
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4
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2
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|
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TOTAL
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18
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2
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4
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22
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|||
SEMESTER II
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SL.
NO
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COURSE CODE
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COURSE TITLE
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L
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T
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P
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C
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THEORY
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1.
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LO8201
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Electro-Optics Theory and Applications
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3
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0
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0
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3
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|
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2.
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LO8202
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Fiber Optics Sensors
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3
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0
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0
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3
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|
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3.
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LO8203
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Integrated Optics and Photonic Devices
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3
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0
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0
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3
|
|
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4.
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LO8204
|
Nonlinear Optics
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3
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0
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0
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3
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|
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5.
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Elective I
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3
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0
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0
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3
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|
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6.
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Elective II
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3
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0
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0
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3
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|
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PRACTICAL
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|
|
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|||
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7
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LO8211
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Laser Laboratory II
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0
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0
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4
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2
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|
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TOTAL
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18
|
0
|
4
|
20
|
|||
SEMESTER III
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SL.
NO
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COURSE CODE
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COURSE TITLE
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L
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T
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P
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C
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THEORY
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1
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Elective III
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3
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0
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0
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3
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|
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2
|
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Elective IV
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3
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0
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0
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3
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|
|
3
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Elective V
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3
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0
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0
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3
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PRACTICAL
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|
|
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|||
|
4
|
LO8311
|
Project Work Phase I
|
0
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0
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12
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6
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|
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TOTAL
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9
|
0
|
12
|
15
|
|||
SEMESTER IV
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SL.
NO
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COURSE CODE
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COURSE TITLE
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L
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T
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P
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C
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PRACTICAL
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|
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|||
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1
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LO8411
|
Project Work Phase II
|
0
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0
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24
|
12
|
|
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TOTAL
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0
|
0
|
24
|
12
|
|||
TOTAL CREDIT TO
BE EARNED FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE =69 LIST OF ELECTIVES
|
SL.
NO
|
COURSE
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|
|
|
CODE
|
COURSE TITLE
|
L
|
T
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P
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C
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1.
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LO8001
|
Digital Holography
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
|
2.
|
LO8002
|
Fabrication of Optical
Devices
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
|
3.
|
LO8003
|
Fourier Optics and Signal Processing
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
|
4.
|
LO8004
|
Holography and Speckle
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
|
5.
|
LO8005
|
Laser Spectroscopy
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
|
6.
|
LO8006
|
Low-Dimensional Structures
and Lasers
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
|
7.
|
LO8007
|
Materials Processing by
Lasers
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
|
8.
|
LO8008
|
Medical Applications of
Lasers
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
|
9.
|
LO8009
|
Nanophotonics
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
|
10.
|
LO8010
|
Nonlinear Fiber Optics
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
|
11.
|
LO8011
|
Optical Computing and
Signal Processing
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
|
12.
|
LO8012
|
Optical Displays and
Storage Devices
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
|
13.
|
LO8013
|
Optical Switching and
Networks
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
|
14.
|
LO8014
|
Quantum Optics
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
|
15.
|
LO8015
|
Radiation Sources and
Detectors
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
|
16.
|
LO8016
|
Remote Sensing by Lasers
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
|
17.
|
LO8017
|
Ultrafast Optics
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
3
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LO8101 ELECTROMAGNETIC
THEORY AND APPLICATIONS
L T P C
3 1 0
4
OBJECTIVE:
To educate the students the
importance of electromagnetic radiation.
OUTCOME:
The students will understand how
Maxwell’s electromagnetic wave equations are derived from the basic laws of
Physics. Also they will learn to apply
electromagnetic wave equations in different media and to analyze the
interaction.
UNIT I PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
8 Introduction – Maxwell’s equations –
plane waves in a dielectric – Poynting vector – complex notation
– wave propagation in lossy medium.
UNIT II REFLECTION AND
REFRACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 10 Interface of two homogeneous nonabsorbing dielectrics – total
internal reflection and evanescent waves – reflection and transmission by a
film – extension of two films – interference filters – periodic media –
presence of absorbing media: reflection and transmission.
UNIT III WAVE PROPAGATION IN
ANISOTROPIC MEDIA 7 Introduction – double refraction
– polarization devices – plane waves in anisotropic media – wave refractive
index – ray refractive index – ray velocity surface – index ellipsoid – phase
velocity and group velocity.
UNIT IV ELECTROMAGNETIC
ANALYSIS- SIMPLE OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE 10 Introduction
– classification of modes for planar waveguide – TE modes in a symmetric step
index planar waveguide – TM modes – relative magnitudes – power – radiation
modes – excitation – Maxwell’s equations in inhomogeneous media.
UNIT V ANALYSIS OF OPTICAL
WAVEGUIDES 10 Quasimodes
in planar structure – leakage of power from the core – determination of
propagation characteristics – calculation of bending loss – optical fiber –
numerical aperture – modal analysis for step index and parabolic index medium –
multimodes – modes in an asymmetric planar waveguide – Ray analysis – WKB
analysis – coupled mode theory.
L: 45 +T: 15 TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. A.Ghatak
and K.Thyagarajan, “ Optical electronics”, Cambridge Univ. Press, New Delhi, (2002)
2. M.N.O.
Sadiku, “Elements of electromagnetics”, Oxford Univ. Press., New York (2001).
3. F.T.
Ulaby, “Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics”, Prentice Hall., New York
(2001).
4. A.
Yariv, “Quantum electronics”, Wiley, New York (1989).
5. G.
P. Agrawal, “Nonlinear fiber optics”, Academic., San Diego (2003).
6. David
J. Griffiths, “ Introduction to Electromagnetics”, Pearson Education, (2002).
LO8102 LASER ENGINEERING AND
APPLICATIONS L
T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
Educating the students about
fabrication and configuration of different lasers.
OUTCOME:
The students will learn about the
Engineering principles and working of different types of lasers and their
applications.
UNIT I GAS LASERS 10 Electrical discharge mechanism – Gas
discharge processes, Glow discharge, RF discharge, Hollow cathode discharge and
pulsed discharge- Selective Excitation processes in gas discharges-Excitation
mechanism - Power supplies for pulsed and CW gas lasers – He-Ne laser, Copper
vapour laser, Argon-ion laser, He-Cd laser, He-Se laser. Excitation mechanism -
Nitrogen laser - Carbon-dioxide laser - Gas dynamic laser - Excimer laser -
Chemical laser - X-ray laser - Free electron laser.
UNIT II SOLID STATE, SEMICONDUCTOR AND LIQUID
LASERS
10
Pumping mechanism - Arc lamp -
Diode pumping - Cavity configuration - Ruby laser - Nd:YAG; Nd:Glass; Er doped
laser, Ti - Sapphire laser - Colour center laser - Fiber Raman laser. Intrinsic
semiconductor laser - Doped semiconductor - Conduction for laser actions –
Injection laser - Threshold current – Homojunction – Hetrojunction. Double
hetro- junction lasers - Quantum well laser - Distributed feedback laser - Liquid lasers - Organic dyes
- Pulsed-CW dye laser - Threshold condition - Configuration - Tuning methods.
UNIT III ULTRA SHORT PULSE
GENERATION AND MEASUREMENT 8 Nano second pulse generation- Pico and
femto second pulse generation - Q-switching - Cavity damping - Mode locking –
Configurations – Methods of detection and measurement of ultrashort pulses.
UNIT IV METROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 10
CW and Pulsed laser beam characteristics and its
measurements- Beam focusing effects-spot sizePower and Energy density
Measurements-Distance measurement - Interferometric techniques – Calibration
Methods -LIDARS - Theory and different experimental arrangements - Pollution
monitoring by remote sensing - Applications - Laser gyroscope.
UNIT V MATERIAL PROCESSING
7 Models for laser heating - Choice of a laser for material
processing - Laser welding, drilling, machining and cutting - Laser surface
treatment - Laser vapour deposition - Thin film applications.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. R.B.
Laud - Lasers and Non linear optics. New
Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi.
(1996).
2. Pike
High Power Gas Lasers, Institute of Physics, London. (1976).
3. Walter
Koechner - Solid State Lasers Engineering, Springer Verlag, New York. (1992).
4. J.
Verdeyen - Laser Electronics,. Prentice Hall, London. (1989).
5. F.J.
Durate and L.W. Hilman - Dye Lasers Principles With Applications, Inc Academic Press,
New York. (1990).
LO8103 MATERIALS FOR OPTICAL
DEVICES
L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
Educating the students to
understand about various materials available for fabricating optical
devices.
OUTCOME:
The students will learn about the
principles of optical properties of materials and device applications.
UNIT I OPTICAL PROCESSES 9
Refractive index and dispersion – transmission, reflection and absorption of
light – glass and amorphous materials – optical material for UV and IR.
Semiconductors: electron-hole pair formation and recombination – absorption in
semiconductors – radiation in semiconductors – Augur recombination-
photoluminescence – electroluminescent process – choice of LED materials.
UNIT II LASER CRYSTALS 9
Spectroscopy of laser crystals – laser crystals for high gain – crystal
growth and characterization.
UNIT III OPTICS OF
ANISOTROPIC CRYSTALS
9 Biaxial, uniaxial crystals
– double refraction – index ellipsoid – optical activity – nonlinear optical
crystals – liquid crystals – photorefractive materials – theory of
photorefractivity – application of photorefractive materials.
UNIT IV SEMICONDUCTORS
9
Band gap modification by alloying
optical properties of quantum well, quantum wire and quantum dot structures –
photonic band gap (PBG) materials – growth of PBG materials – light
transmission in PBG materials.
UNIT V OPTICS OF THIN
FILMS
9 Reflection, transmission and absorption
in thin films – antireflection (AR) coating: single layer AR coating – double
layer AR coatings – multilayer AR coatings – inhomogeneous AR coatings.
Reflection coatings: metal
reflectors – all dielectric reflectors. Interference filters: edge filters –
band pass filters – Fabry-Perot filters – multicavity filters – thin film
polarizers – beam splitters – thin film optical integrated structures and
devices.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. P.
Bhattacharya, “Semiconductor optoelectronic devices”, Prentice-Hall India, New
Delhi (2003).
2. B.E.A.
Saleh and M.C. Teich., “Fundamentals of photonics”, John Wiley., New York
(1991).
3. W.
Kochner, “Solid state laser engineering”, Springer-Verlag, New York (1976).
4. R.W.
Munn and C.N. Ironsid, “Nonlinear optical materials”, Blackie Academic &
Professional, Glassgow (1993).
5. A.Yariv,
“Quantum electronics”, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1989).
6 . A. Ghatak and K. Thiagarajan, “Optical electronics”,
Cambridge University Press, (1994).
7. Mark Fox, “Optical properties of solids”,
Oxford University Press (2001).
LO8104
OPTOELECTRONICS
L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE
Educating the students the basics
of semiconductor optoelectronics.
OUTCOME:
The students will understand
about the principles of semiconductors, optical processes in semiconductors and
working of optoelectronic devices.
UNIT I REVIEW SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE
PHYSICS
6 Energy bands in solids, the
E-k diagram, Density of states, Occupation probability, Fermi level and quasi
Fermi levels, p-n junctions, Schottky junction and Ohmic contacts.
Semiconductor optoelectronic materials, Bandgap modification, Heterostructures
and Quantum Wells.
UNIT II SEMICONDUCTOR
PHOTON SOURCES
12 Rates of emission and absorption, Condition for amplification by
stimulated emission, the laser amplifier. Electroluminescence. The LED: Device
structure, materials and characteristics. The Semiconductor Laser: Basic
structure, theory and device characteristics; direct current modulation.
Quantum-well lasers; DFB-, DBR- and vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers
(VCSEL); Laser diode arrays. Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA), SOA
characteristics and their applications.
UNIT III SEMICONDUCTOR
PHOTODETECTORS AND SOLAR CELLS 9 Types of photodetectors,
Photoconductors, Single junction under illumination: photon and carrier-loss
mechanisms, Noise in photodetection; Photodiodes, PIN diodes and APDs:
structure, materials, characteristics, and device performance.
Photo-transistors and CCDs – Noise in photodetectors – photovoltaic device
principles – PN junction photovoltaic characteristics – temperature effects –
solar cells materials, devices and efficiencies.
UNIT IV OPTOELECTRONIC
MODULATION AND SWITCHING DEVICES 9 Analog and
digital modulation – Franz-Keldysh and Stark effect modulators – quantum well
electoabsorption modulators. Optical switching and logic devices:
self-electro-optic device – bipolar controller-modualtor – switching speed and
energy.
UNIT V OPTOELECTRONIC
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
9 Hybrid and monolithic integration – applications of Optoelectronic
Integrated Circuits (OEICs) – materials and processing for OEICs – integrated
transmitters and receivers – guided wave devices – optical interconnects.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1.Pallab Bhattacharya,
“Semiconductor optoelectronic devices”, PHI Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
(2009).
2. S.O. Kasap,
“Optoelectronics and photonics”, Pearson, New Delhi (2009).
3. C.R.
Pollock, “Fundamentals of optoelectronics”, Irwin, Chicago (1995).
4. J. Wilson,
“Optoelectronics: An Introduction”, Prentice-Hall (1983).
4. A.Yariv,
“Quantum electronics”, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1989).
5. A. Ghatak
and K. Thiagarajan, “Optical electronics”, Cambridge University Press, (1994).
6.B.E.A. Saleh and M.C. Teich.,
“Fundamentals of photonics”, John Wiley., New York (1991).
7. Jasprit
singh, “Semiconductor optoelectronics: Physics and Technology”, McGraw-Hill
(1995).
8. Emmanuel
Rosencher, Borge Vinter and P. G. Piva, “Optoelectronics”, Cambridge
University Press (2002).
LO8105 PRINCIPLES OF
OPTICS AND LASERS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
Teaching the students about the
principles of optics and lasers.
OUTCOME:
The students will learn the basic
theory of optics, lasers, importance of optical resonators and different
methods of laser beam control.
UNIT I APPLIED OPTICS 9
Wave equation – linearly polarized waves – circularly and elliptically
polarized waves –– intensity distribution at the back focal plane of lens – two
beam interference – multiple reflections from a plane parallel film – modes of
the Fabry-Perot cavity – spatial and temporal coherence – propagation and
diffraction of a Gaussian beam.
UNIT II RADIATION IN A
CAVITY
9 Black body radiation - Modes of oscillation - Einstein
coefficients - relation between the absorption coefficients and Einstein
coefficients - Lifetime of excited state- decay of excited states, Line
Broadening mechanisms – quantum mechanical description of radiating atoms,
molecules in gas, liquid & solid phase, selection rules for atoms and
molecules, Spectral notation.
UNIT III INTRODUCTION TO LASERS 9
Condition for producing laser -
population inversion, gain and gain saturation – saturation intensity - Threshold condition – requirements for obtaining population inversion – 2,3 and
4 level systems – steady state and transient population processes – variation
of laser power around threshold – optimum output coupling conditions for CW and
pulsed laser action.
UNIT IV CAVITY OPTICS AND LASER MODES
9
Requirements for a resonator –
gain and loss in a cavity – resonator as an interferometer – longitudinal modes
– wavelength selection in multiline lasers – single frequency operation –
characterization of resonator – resonator stability for Guassian beams – common
cavity configurations. Spatial energy distributions: Transverse modes and
limiting modes – resonator alignment – gain and saturation effects.
UNIT V Q-SWITCHING, MODE
LOCKING AND COHERENCE OF A LASER 9 Concept of Q-switching and experimental
methods – intracavity switches – energy storage in laser media – pulse power
and energy – cavity dumping - Theory of Mode locking and experimental methods -
Spatial and Temporal coherence - Auto and mutual correlation function -
Analytical treatment of Visibility.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1.K. Thyagarajan and A. Ghatak,
“Lasers: Fundamentals and applications”, Springer, New York (2010).
2. Ammon
Yariv, Quantum Electronics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, (1989).
3. J.
Verdeyen, Laser Electronics, Prentice Hall, (1989).
4. O.Svelto,
Laser Physics, Plenum Press, New York, (1982).
5. Mark Csele,
“Fundamentals of light sources and lasers”, Wiley Interscience, New Jersey
(2004).
MA8158 MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS FOR OPTICAL
ENGINEERING L T P C
3 1 0 4
OBJECTIVE:
To prepare the students to apply
mathematics in real Physics problems
OUTCOME:
The students will understand the
basic mathematical methods including dynamical systems theory for applying them in real Physics problems.
UNIT I VECTORS AND
TENSORS
8 Gauss divergence theorem – Stokes’s theorem – Green’s theorem –
applications to electromagnetic field – definition of tensors – algebra of
Cartesian tensors – outer product contraction and quotient theorems – Kronecker
& Levi-Civita tensors – example – applications in physics – crystal optics.
UNIT II PROBABILITY AND
RANDOM VARIABLES
9 Introduction -sets -probability and relative frequency -random
variables -cumulative distribution functions and probability density functions
-ensemble average and moments - binomial, poisson, uniform, Gaussian and
sinusoidal distributions -functional transformations of random variables
multivariate statistics -central limit theorem (statement and applications) -
power spectral density --dc and rms
values for ergodic random processes.
UNIT III FOURIER
TRANSFORMATIONS AND APPLICATIONS
9 Fourier series -Fourier transform and spectra
-Parseval's theorem -Dirac delta function – unit step function -two dimensional
signals -Fresnel & Fraunhofer diffraction -examples FT by lens– point
source -single slit, double slit-circular aperture -cosine grating - coherent
optical filtering - holographic filters
- discrete Fourier transform.
UNIT IV SPECIAL FUNCTIONS 9
Beta and Gamma functions -Legendre, Bessel, Hermite and Lagurre polynomials
- generating functions -recurrence relations, orthogonal relations, associated
polynomials and their properties confluent hyper geometric functions and their
properties.
UNIT V DYNAMICAL
SYSTEMS
10 Linear and nonlinear oscillators – autonomous and non-autonomous
systems – classification of equilibrium points – bifurcations and chaos – chaos
in a model laser system – linear and nonlinear dispersive waves – Nonlinear
Schrodinger equation in optical fibers - solitary wave solutions and basic
solitons, Nonlinear Schrodinger equation: envelope soliton, Hiroto’s method,
IST method. Numerical analysis: Euler method and 4th order Runge-Kutta
method for solving differential equations – finite difference and finite
element analysis methods for solving partial differential equations.
L: 45
+T:15 TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. E.
Kreyszig. "Advanced engineering mathematics" (81h Edition).
John-Wiley &Sons.. Inc., New York (1999).
2. M.D.
Greenberg. "Advanced engineering mathematics", Pearson Education, New
Delhi (2002).
3. K.
F. Riley, M.P. Hobson and S.J. Bence. "Mathematical methods for physics
and engineering", Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. (1998).
4. L.W.
Couch., "Digital and analog communication systems", Pearson
Education, New Delhi (2001
). .
5. W-Lauterborn.
T. Kurz and M. Wiesenfeldt., "Coherent optics and applications",
Springer. Berlin (1995).
6. M.
Lakshmanan and S. Rajasekar. .'Nonlinear dynamics: Integrability, chaos and
patterns", Springer. Berlin (2003).
7. M.Lakshmanan
and K. Murali, “Chaos in nonlinear oscillators: Controlling and
Synchronization”, World Scientific, Singapore (1996).
LO8111 LASER LABORATORY I L T
P C
0 0 4 2
1. Measurement
of Brewster angle and the refractive index of a transparent material.
2. Study
of magneto-optic rotation and magneto-optic modulation.
3. Kerr
Effect Study
4. Measurement
of Spatial and Temporal Coherence
5. Fraunhofer
Diffraction Experiments
6. Fourier
Filtering Experiments
7. Effect
of Polarization on Interference
8. Acoustical
Modulator
9. Nitrogen
Laser Power Supply Construction
10. Laser Power
Supply Construction
11. Carbon
dioxide Laser Power Supply Construction
12. Nitrogen
Laser Study
13. Transversely
Pumped Dye Lasers
14. Longitudinally
Pumped Dye Lasers
15. Holographic
Recording and Reconstruction
16. Speckle
Photography
17. Construction
of an optical phototransistor switch
18. Construction
of low-intensity, high-intensity LED circuits.
19. Study of
white, high-intensity red and IR light on a phototransistor and a photovoltaic cell.
20. Construction
of optical transmitter and receiver circuits.`
21. Fiber
Communication Installation Procedure
22. Setting up
of Fiber Optic Analog Link
23. Setting up
of Fiber Optic Digital Link
24. Measurement
of Losses in Optical Fiber
25. Measurement
of Numerical Aperture
26. Time
Division Multiplexing of Signals
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
LO8201 ELECTRO-OPTICS THEORY AND APPLICATIONS L T P C
3
0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
Educating the students to
understand about electro-optics and its applications.
OUTCOME:
The students will learn about the
principles of electro-optics, modulators, switches and their uses.
UNIT I CRYSTAL OPTICS 9
Point group and space group – matrix representation of symmetry operations –
the effect of crystal symmetry in crystal properties – Neumann’s principle –
tensors – first-order electro-optical tensor - piezo-optical and elasto-optical
tensors – dielectric description of a crystal
- double refraction – polarization devices – crystal structures of LiNBO3,
KDP and BaTiO3.
UNIT II PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES 9
Wave equation in isotropic
material – wave equation in anisotropic materials – aniso-tropic materials –
index ellipsoid – propagation in uniaxial and biaxial crystals – birefringence
– wavel plates and compensators – optical activity.
UNIT III GROWTH OF ELECTRO-OPTIC AND ACOUSTO-OPTIC
MATERIALS 9
Growth
of single crystals – Electro-optic crystals – acousto-optic crystals –
magneto-optic crystals – photorefractive crystals – Techniques for growing
single crystals – zone refining technique – growth of molecular crystals.
UNIT
IV ELECTRO AND ACOUSTO
OPTICS 9
The electro-optic effect (EOE)–
linear and quadratic electro-optic effect – physical properties of
electro-optic coefficients – retardation – EOE based amplitude and phase
modulation – EOE in KDP and cubic crystals – integrated optical modulators.
Elastooptic effect – acousto-optic interactions – Bragg diffraction in an
anisotropic medium – Raman-Nath diffraction – surfact acoustooptics – magneto
optic effect – magneto-optic Kerr effect – Franz-Keldysh effect.
UNIT V DEVICES 9
Electro-optic(EO) light
modulators – electro-optic Fabry-Perot modulators – bistable EO devices. EO based beam deflection – Q-swtiching. Acousto-optic (AO) modulators – AO deflectors
– AO tunable filters.The photoeleastic effect – Bragg diffraction of light by
acoustic waves. Electro-absorption modulators.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. Ivan P.
Kaminov, “Introduction to Electro-optic devices”, Academic Press, New York
(1974).
2. W. Kochner,
“Solid state laser engineering”, Springer-Verlag, New York (1976).
3. R.W. Munn
and C.N. Ironsid, “Nonlinear optical materials”, Blackie Academic & Professional, Glassgow (1993).
4. J.A.K.
Tareen and T.R.N. Kutty, “A basic course in crystallography”, University Press
(2001).
5. H.E.
Buckley, “Crystal growth”, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1981).
5. A.Yariv,
“Quantum electronics”, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1989).
6. A. Ghatak
and K. Thiagarajan, “Optical electronics”, Cambridge University Press, (1994).
7.P. Bhattacharya, “Semiconductor
optoelectronic devices”, Prentice-Hall India, New Delhi
(2003).
8. B.E.A. Saleh and M.C. Teich.,
“Fundamentals of photonics”, John Wiley., New York (1991).
9.Amnon Yariv, “Optical
electronics in modern communications”, Oxford University Press
(1997).
10.Amnon Yariv and Pochi Yeh,
Optical waves in crystals: Propagation and control of laser radiation”, Wiley (2002).
LO8202 FIBER OPTICS SENSORS
L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
To tutor the students the basic
concepts and practices of fiber optics, optical communication and sensors.
OUTCOME:
The students will acquire
knowledge in fundamentals of fiber optics, communication equipments,
construction and working of optical communication networks including sensor
applications.
UNIT I
FIBER OPTICS 6
Total internal reflection - Phase
shift & attenuation during total internal reflection - Hybrid modes -
cutoff frequencies - meridinal rays & skew rays - different types of
fibers.
UNIT II CHARACTERISTICS AND FABRICATION OF
OPTICAL FIBERS
7
Dispersion - Fiber attenuation,
absorption loss & scattering loss measurement - Optical Time Domain
Reflectometer (OTDR) and its uses - Interferometric method to measure fiber
refractive index profile. Fiber materials - Fiber fabrication- fiber optic
cables design - fiber connectors - fiber splices - Lensing schemes for coupling
improvements.
UNIT III OPTICAL FIBER
COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS 12 Elements
of an optical fiber communication system – optical sources -–Surface Emitting,
edge emitting and superluminescent LEDs – Optical Detectors: Pin photodiodes –
Avalanche photodiodes – Multiplexers: wavelength division multiplexing -
Electrooptic and Acoustooptic modulation - Coherent optical fiber communication
system - ASK, FSK and PSK modulated waveforms - heterodyne and homodyne
detections. Local Area Networks - Bus, ring and star topologies - optical fiber
regenerative repeater - optical
amplifiers - basic applications. Passive components – Couplers – Multiplexing and
De-multiplexing.
UNIT IV INTENSITY AND
POLARIZATION SENSORS 10 Intensity
sensor: Transmissive concept - Reflective concept - Microbending concept -
Transmission and Reflection with other optic effect - Interferometers -
Mach Zehnder - Michelson - Fabry-Perot
and Sagnac – Phase sensor: Phase detection - Polarization maintaining fibers.
Displacement and temperature sensors: reflective and Microbending Technology -
Applications of displacement and temperature sensors.
UNIT V INTERFEROMETRIC SENSORS 10 Pressure
sensors: Transmissive concepts -Microbending - Intrinsic concepts -
Interferometric concepts – Applications. Flow sensors: Turbine flow meters -
Differential pressure flow sensors - Laser Doppler velocity sensors -
Applications - Sagnac Interferometer for rotation sensing. Magnetic and
electric field sensors: Intensity and phase modulation types –
applications.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. Eric
Udd and W.B. Spillman (Eds.), “ Fiber optic sesnsors: An introduction for
engineers and scientists”,
Wiley (2011).
2. Allen
H. Cherin, An Introduction to Optical Fibers, Mc Graw Hill Inc., Tokyo, 1995.
2. John
M. Senior, Optical Fiber Communications, Prentice Hall International Ltd.,
London
1992.
3. Govind
P. Agrawal, Fiber Optic Communication Systems, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York,
1997.
4. Gerd
Keiser, Optical fiber Communications, McGraw Hill Inc. Company, Tokyo, 1995.
5. C.M.
Davis et al, 'Fiber Optic Sensor Technology Hand Book', Dynamic Systems, Reston, Virginia, (1992).
6. Krohn
D.A., 'Fiber Optic Sensors - Fundamentals and Applications', Instrument Society
of America, U.S.A, (1988)
7. Bishnu
P. Pal (Ed.)., “Fundamentals of fiber optics in telecommunication and sensor
systems”, John Wiley & Sons (1993).
LO8203 INTEGRATED OPTICS AND PHOTONIC DEVICES L T P C
3 0 0
3
OBJECTIVE:
To teach the students the
fundamentals and applications of integrated optics.
OUTCOMES:
• The
students will gain information in a way that the they can understand the
principle of optical amplifiers, waveguides and construction and working of
integrated circuits.
• To
discuss the various applications of integrated circuits.
UNIT I OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS 8 Concepts – principles of optical
amplification – optical amplifiers: general considerations – semiconductor
optical amplifier – applications – advantages and drawbacks – EDFAs – optical
fiber amplifiers – coherent sources for IO – MQW – photonic switching
principles.
UNIT II OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES
AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 10 Applications of coupled mode theory
– theory of gratings in waveguide structures – guided wave control –
electrooptic, acoustooptic, magnetooptic, thermooptic and nonlinear optical
effects – fabrication of optical waveguides in glass, Lithium Niobate
substrates. Microfabrication techniques
in optical integrated circuits – guided wave excitation and waveguide
evaluation – passive waveguide devices – functional optical waveguide devices.
UNIT III ACTIVE OPTICAL INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS AND APPLICATIONS 8 Integrated
semiconductor sources, detectors and active switches on substrates –
optoelectronic integrated circuits – recent trends in optical integrated
circuits. Optical switches – A/D converters – RF spectrum analyzers –
convolvers – correlators – modulators – integrated optic sensors.
UNIT IV PHOTONIC MATERIALS GROWTH &
FABRICATION
10 Types of photonic materials – growth methods – nucleation –
homogeneous – heterogeneous – LEC technique – epitaxy - growth of photonic
materials by LPE, VPE, MBE, MOCVD, Plasma CVD, photochemical deposition.
Interfaces and junctions - interface quality, interdiffusion and doping. Quantum wells and bandgap engineering
(examples of structures).Post-growth processing (patterning by
photolithography, contacting, annealing).
UNIT V DEVICES 9
Photodiodes: current-voltage equation – operation-spectral
response – quantum efficiency – response time – diffusion time – drift –
capacitance of diodes, measurement – photoconductivity – LEDs:
electroluminescent process – choice of LED materials – device configuration and
efficiency – structures – device performance – manufacturing process – defects
and reliability – laser diode: junction laser operating principles – threshold
current – heterojunction lasers – distributed feedback lasers – quantum well
lasers – surface emitting lasers – rare-earth doped lasers – device fabrication
– mode locking.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. H.
Nishihara, M. Haruna and T. Suhara, “Optical integrated circuits”, McGraw Hill
Book Co., Tokyo (1989).
2. Robert
G. Hunsperger, “Integrated optics: Theory and technology”, Springer (2010).
3. Theodor
Tamir (Ed.), “Guided-wave optoelectronics”, Springer-Verlag (2012).
4. D.K.
Mynbaev and L.L. Scheiner, “Fiber-optic communications technology”, Pearson
Education, New Delhi (2001).
5. G.
Keiser, “Optical fiber communications”, McGraw Hill.,New Delhi., (1983).
6. P.Bhattacharya,
“Semiconductor optoelectronic devices”., Prentice-Hall India., New Delhi, (1998).
7. A.Ghatak
and K.Thyagarajan, “ Optical electronics”, Cambridge Univ. Press, New Delhi,
\ (2002).
8. B.E.A.
Saleh and M.C. Teich., “Fundamentals of photonics”, John Wiley., New York (1991).
LO8204 NONLINEAR
OPTICS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
To make the students understand
the theory of nonlinear optics.
OUTCOME:
The students will learn about the
principles of nonlinear optics and origin of optical nonlinearities.They will
also analyze various types of nonlinearities in optics.
UNIT I ORIGIN OF OPTICAL
NONLINEARITIES 9 Effects due to
quadratic and cubic polarization – Response functions – Susceptibility tensors
– Linear, second order and nth order susceptibilities – Wave
propagation in isotropic and crystalline media – The index ellipsoid.
UNIT II
SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION (SHG) AND
PARAMETRIC OSCILLATION 9
Optical SHG – Phase Matching – Experimental verification – Parametric
oscillation – Frequency tuning – Power output and pump saturation – Frequency
up conversion – Materials.
UNIT III THIRD ORDER
NONLINEARITIES
9 Intensity dependent refractive index – Nonlinearities due to molecular
orientation – Self-focusing of light and other self-action effects - Optical
phase conjugation – Optical bistability and switching - Pulse propagation and temporal
solitons.
UNIT IV ELECTRO –OPTIC
AND PHOTOREFRACTIVE EFFECTS 8 Electro-optic
effects – Electro-optic modulators - Photorefractive effect - Two beam coupling in Photorefractive
materials – Four wave mixing in Photorefractive materials.
UNIT V STIMULATED SCATTERING PROCESSES 10
Stimulated scattering processes –
Stimulated Brillouin scattering – Phase conjugation – Spontaneous Raman effect
– Stimulated Raman Scattering – Stokes – Anti-Stokes Coupling in SRS – Stimulated
Rayleigh - Wing Scattering.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. Robert
W. Boyd, “Non-linear Optics”, Academic Press, London (2008).
2. Peter
E. Powers, “Fundamentals of nonlinear optics”, CRC Press (2011).
3. Geoffrey
New, “Introduction to nonlinear optics”, Cambridge University Press (2011).
4. Alan
Newell and Jeremy Moloney, “Nonlinear optics”, Westview Press (2003).
5. Amnon
Yariv and Pochi Yeh, Optical waves in crystals: Propagation and control of
laser radiation”, Wiley (2002).
6. Paul
.N.Butcher and David Cotter, “The Elements of Nonlinear Optics”, Cambridge
Univ. Press, New York (1991).
LO8211
LASER LABORATORY II L T P C
0 0 4 2
1. Planar
Dye laser
2. Distributed
Feedback Dye Laser
3. Tuning
of Dye Laser using Grating
4. Tuning
of Dye Laser using DFDL Arrangement
5. Measurement
of Ultrashort Pulses ( nano second)
6. Dye
Laser Gain Measurement
7. Holographic
Interferometry - Double Exposure in NDT
8. Holographic
Interferometry - Time Average - Vibration Analysis
9. Real
Time Holography
10. Contour
Holography
11. Digital
holography: Matlab simulations
12. Basic
operations of computation by light
13. Speckle
Interferometry - Out of Plane Displacement
14. Speckle
Shear Interferometry
15. Laser
Doppler Interferometry ( LDV)
16. Stimulated
Raman Scattering
17. Stimulated
Brillouin Scattering
18. Phase
Conjugation
19. Fiber
Communication Installation Procedure
20. Setting up
of Fiber Optic Analog Link
21. Setting up
of Fiber Optic Digital Link
22. Nonlinear
optics: Optical Z-scan
23. Nonlinear
optics: Eclipse type Z-scan
24. Nonlinear
optics: Optical limiting
25. Bistable
optical devices
26. Laser
Speckle Optometer
27. Laser
Effects on Human Cell
28. Tumour
Diagnosis using Lasers
29. MINI
PROJECT
TOTAL: 60
PERIODS
LO8001 DIGITAL
HOLOGRAPHY
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
To study about the generation of digital holograms and its
applications.
OUTCOME:
Understanding the concept of mathematics, computer
programming, physics, technology and applications of digital holography. Course
will cover the basic concepts of digital hologram generation, holographic
interferometry, microscopy and three-dimensional display techniques. ,
UNIT I COMPUTER GENERATED HOLOGRAMS 9
Introduction – mathematical preliminaries – Fourier transform – phase
transformation of a spherical lens - principles of holography – numerical
reconstruction – separation of virtual image, real image and DC-term –
recording digital holograms. Digital holography for bulk image acousto-optical
reconstruction: Main assumptions – system architecture – computer simulations –
modeling and color image processing.
UNIT II DIGITAL HOLOGRAPHIC MICROSCOPY
9 Introduction – diffraction theory – hologram formation and wave
front reconstruction – reconsctruction algorithms – direct method- pahse
shifiting method: image formation – measurement of surface shape and
deformation - instruments – applications.
UNIT III OPTICAL RECONSTRUCTION 9 Introduction – compensating aberrations –
controlling numerical reconstructions – controlling reconstructions in MWDH
compensating chromatic aberrations – application of digital holography for
investigation and testing of MEMS structures. Comparative digital holography –
encryption of information with digital holography – synthetic apertures.
UNIT IV INTERFEROMETRY AND SPECKLE
METROLOGY
9 General principles – deformation measurement – shape measurement –
measurement of refractive index variations – distant measurements – data
compression and decompression. Electronic speckle pattern interferometry –
digital shearography – digital speckle photography.
UNIT V THREE DIMENSIONAL DISPLAYS
9 Computer generated holograms for white light reconstruction –
wide-angle computer generated holograms for 3D display – optical scanning
holography – 3D display projection system – 3D display and information
processing based on integral imaging – autostereoscopic, partial pixel,
spatially multiplexed and 3D display technologies.
TOTAL
: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1.
Ulf Schnars, Werner Jueptner, “Digital holography”,
Springer,Berlin (2005).
2.
Ting-Chung Poon,
“Digital Holography and Three-Dimensional Display: Principles and
Applications”, Springer,Berlin (2010).
3.
Leonid Yaroslavsky, “Digial holography and digital
image processing: Principles, methods and algorithms”, Kluwer, (2004).
4.
Pascal Picart, Jun-chang Li, “Digital holography”,
Wiley (2012).
5.
Anand Asundi, “Digital Holography for MEMS and
Microsystem Metrology”,Wiley, (2011).
LO8002
FABRICATION OF OPTICAL DEVICES L T P C
3 0 0
3
AIM:
To educate the students the importance optical devices
OBJECTIVES:
• To
Teach the Physics and technology of various optical devices
•
To Teach the principle involved in preparation and
fabrication of different optical devices
UNIT I NEW APPROACHES IN NANOPHOTONICS
9 Near-Field Optics-Aperture near-field optics - Apertureless
near-field optics -Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM or SNOM):- SNOM
based detection of plasmonic energy transport- SNOM based visualization of
waveguide structures- SNOM in nanolithography- SNOM based optical data storage
and recovery.
UNIT II QUANTUM-CONFINED MATERIALS 9
Materials: -Optical properties- Non-linear optical
properties - Quantum dots -Structure: -Cores: - Shells: - Coating:- Fabrication
- Inks and pigments: -Patterning of thin
films / lithography- Optical lithography- E-beam Lithography- X-ray Lithography
- Nanoimprint lithography and soft lithography.
UNIT III PLASMONICS
9
Total internal reflection and evanescent waves: - Plasmons
and surface plasmon resonance (SPR): - Attenuated total reflection -Grating SPR
coupling- Optical waveguide SPR coupling-
SPR dependencies and materials - Plasmonics andnanoparticles
-Applications of metallic nanostructures Plasmonic waveguiding and photonic
circuit elements -SPR based harmonic generation: - Light generation.
UNIT IV PHOTONIC CRYSTALS
9
Important features of photonic crystals - Presence of
photonic bandgap - Anomalous Group Velocity
Dispersion -Anomalous Refractive Index Dispersion
-Microcavity-Effect in Photonic CrystalsFabrication of photonic crystals
-Colloidal self assembly:- Gravity sedimentation:- Cell method:- Twophoton-lithography
- Photosensitive materials -E-Beam lithography- Defects in photonic crystals-
Photonic Crystal Laser - PC based LEDs - Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs).
UNIT V PHOTONIC DEVICES
9
Laser Diodes - Quantum well lasers - Quantum cascade lasers
- Cascade surface-emitting photonic crystal laser - Quantum dot lasers -
Quantum wire lasers –LEDs - White LEDs based on quantum dots -LEDs based on
nanotubes- LEDs based on nanowires - LEDs based on nanorods: - Quantum well
infrared photodetectors – Single electron transistors and quantum computing
-White LEDs – quantum well and wires
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1)
Optical Semiconductor Devices, Mitsuo Fukuda, Wiley series in microwaves and
optical engineering,, Kai Chang, series Editor, 1999, John-Wiley
2)
Photonic Devices, Jia-Ming
Liu, Cambridge University Press, 2005
3)
Light Emitting Diodes, E. Fred Schuber, Cambridge University Press, 2005
4)
Principles Of Lithography, Harry J. Levinson, SPIE
Press, 2005
5)
Handbook of Microlithography, Micromachining and
Microfabrication: Micromachining and microfabrication, P. Rai-Choudhury, SPIE,
1997,
LO8003 FOURIER OPTICS AND SIGNAL
PROCESSING
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
To make the students to understand the concepts of Fourier
optics and their applications in optical
information processing.
OUTCOME:
The students will learn about Fourier transform, diffraction
theory and the principles of analog optical information processing.
UNIT I SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 9
Fourier analysis in two dimensions: Fourier transform - separable functions – Fourier-Bessel
transforms. Linear and space-invariant systems. Sampling theory:Shannon-Nyquist
sampling theorem – space-bandwidth product – discrete Fourier transform from
continuous transform – periodic convolution.
UNIT II DIFFRACTION THEORY 9 Scalar diffraction – monochromatic
fields and irradiance – optical path length and field phase representation –
Rayleigh-Sommerfeld formulation – angular spectrum of plane waves- Fresnel
approximation – Fraunhofer approximation – Fraunhofer diffraction patterns –
Fresnel diffraction calculations.
UNIT III COHERENT OPTICAL SYSTEMS 8 Thin lens as a phase transformation –
Fourier transforming properties of lenses and image formation by lens –
frequency response of a diffraction-limited system under coherent and incoherent
illumination – aberrations and their effects – comparison of coherent and
incoherent imaging – superresolution.
UNIT IV WAVEFRONT MODULATION
10 Wavefront modulation with
photographic film : physical processes of exposure, development and fixing –
film in an incoherent optical system – film as coherent optical system –
modulation transfer function. Spatial light modulators: liquid crystals –
spatial light modulators using liquid crystals – magneto-optic spatial light
modulators – quantum well spatial light modulators and acousto-optic spatial
light modulators. Diffractive optical elements: Binary optics – types of
diffractive optics.
UNIT V OPTICAL INFORMATION PROCESSING
9 Abbe-Porter experiment – phase contrast microscopy and other
simple applications. Coherent image processing: vanderLugt filter –
joint-transform correlator – character recognition – invariant pattern
recognition – image restoration – data processing from synthetic aperture radar
– acousto-optic signal processing – discrete analog processors.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. J.W.
Goodman, “Introduction to Fourier optics”, Mc-Graw Hill, New Delhi (2005).
2. O.K.Ersoy,
“Diffraction, Fourier optics and imaging” John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey
(2007).
3. E.G.Stewart,
“Fourier optics: an introduction”, Dover Publications, (2004).
4. J.B.
Breckinridge and D.G. Voelz, “Computational Fourier optics: A MATLAB
tutorial”,
5. Society
of Photo Optical” (2011).
6. T.C.Poon
and Partha P. Banerjee, “Concetmporary optical image processing with MATLAB”, Elsevier (2001).
LO8004 HOLOGRAPHY AND SPECKLE
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
To introduce the principles of
holography and speckle
OUTCOME:
The students will learn about how experimentally
holograms and specklegrams could be
recorded and reconstructed. Further they will learn about the concept of
holographic interferometry and its applications.
UNIT I OPTICAL HOLOGRAPHY
9 General theoretical Analysis - Types of Holograms - Requirements
to record and reconstruct holograms - Experimental techniques - Recording
materials - Silver halide - Dichromated Gelatin - Ferroelectric Cyrstals -
Inorganic Photochromatic Materials - Thermo plastic Materials - Photoresists
UNIT II
HOLOGRAMS FOR DISPLAY
9
3600 holograms - Double sided holograms -
Holographic stereograms - Rainbow Holograms - Colour Holography - Volume
Reflection Holograms - Multicolour Rainbow Holograms - Holographic Optical
elements - Holographic Scanners
UNIT III
HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY 9
Theoretical Analysis of Double Exposure - Real-Time and
Time-averaged Interferometric Techniques - Contour holography - Sandwich
Holography - Double Pulsed Holography - Acoustical and Microwave Holography
UNIT IV
APPLICATIONS OF HOLOGRAPHY
IN ENGINEERING
AND MEDICINE 9
Measurement of displacement, deformation, strain, stress and bending
movements for opaque and transparent objects - Holographic NDT - Holography in
Biology and Medicine
UNIT V SPECKLE PHOTOGRAPHY AND
INTERFEROMETRY
9
In-plane and out-of-plane translations - Pointwise and whole
field analysis - Time averaged Speckle Photography - Speckle Interferometry -
Speckle Shear Interferometry -displacements and strain measurements -
Electronic speckle pattern Interferometry(ESPI)
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS REFERENCES:
1. Robert
K. Erf, 'Holographic Non-destructive Testing', Academic press, New York &
London, 1974.
2. Vest
C.M, 'Holographic Interferometry', John-Wiley & Sons Inc., Canada, 1979.
3. Hariharan,
'Optical Holography', Academic Press, New York, 1983.
4. Robert
K. Erf, 'Speckle Meterology', Academic press, New York, 1978.
5. Sirohi
R.S. Ed., 'Speckle Meterology', Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993.
LO8005 LASER SPECTROSCOPY
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
To educate the students about the basic principles of laser
spectroscopy.
OUTCOME:
The students will gain knowledge about the fundamentals of
spectroscopy, different types of spectroscopy and applications of laser
spectroscopy.
UNIT I
BASIC PRINCIPLES 10
Comparison between conventional Light Sources and Lasers – Saturation – Excitation methods:
Single-step excitation – Multistep excitation – Multi-photon absorption -
Detection Methods: Fluorescence – Photoionization – Collisional ionization –
field ionization – Laser wavelength setting.
UNIT II DOPPLER – LIMITED TECHNIQUES 7 Absorption
measurements – Intra-cavity absorption measurements – Absorption measurements
on excited states – Level labelling – Two-photon absorption measurements –
Opto-Galvanic spectroscopy – Single atom detection – Opto-acoustic spectroscopy
– Optical double resonance and level-crossing experiments with laser
excitation.
UNIT III
TIME-RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY
10 Generation
of short optical pulses – generation of ultrashort optical pulses –
Measurement techniques for Optical
Transcients: Transient – Digitizer -
Boxcar – Delayed coincidence– Streakcamera & Pump-probe techniques. Basics
of lifetime measurements – Methods of measuring radiative properties -
linewidth measurements – ODR and LC – Beam foil techniques – Beam laser
techniques – Time resolved spectroscopy with pulsed lasers – Phase-shift method
and emission method – The hook method – Quantum-Beat spectroscopy.
UNIT IV HIGH RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY 8 Spectroscopy
on collimated atomic beams: Detection through fluorescence - detection by
photoionization - detection by the recoil effect - detection by magnetic
deflection. Saturation spectroscopy and
related techniques - Doppler-free two-photon absorption - spectroscopy of
trapped ions and atoms.
UNIT V APPLICATIONS OF
LASER-SPECTROSCOPY
10 Diagnostics of combustion
processes: Background - Laser-induced fluorescence and related techniques -
Raman spectroscopy - coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering - Velocity
measurements. Laser remote sensing of
the atmosphere: Optical heterodyne detection - long path absorption techniques
- LIDAR techniques. Laser-induced
fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy in liquids and solids: Hydrospheric remote
sensing - monitoring of surface layers.
Laser-induced chemical processes: Laser-induced chemistry - laser
isotope separation - spectroscopic aspects of lasers in medicine.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1.
S. Svanberg, Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy,
Springer Verlag, Germany, 1992.
2.
J. R. Lakowicz, Principles of Fluorescence
Spectroscopy, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 1999.
3.
Z. Wang and H. Xia, Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy,
Springer Series in Chemical Physics, Vol.50,1991.
LO8006 LOW-DIMENSIONAL
STRUCTURES AND LASERS
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
To educate the students understand the consequences for the
electronic and optical properties of materials when carriers are confined in
two, one and zero dimensional systems
OUTCOME:
The students will understand the physics and technology of
various nano based lasers, preparation and fabrication of low dimension based
lasers, Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures and quantum heterostructures.
UNIT I LENGTH SCALES AND LOW
DIMENSIONALITY 9
Electronic transport in 1,2 and 3 dimensions- Quantum confinement, energy -
subbands, quantum wells, quantum wires, quantum dots. Effective mass, Drude
conduction and mean free path in 3D- ballistic conduction, phase coherence
lengthand quantized conductance in 1D-
Epitaxial growth of semiconductors: Molecular beam epitaxy -Gas epitaxy from
metall-organics–Nanolithography - Selforganization of quantum dots and quantum
wires.
UNIT II ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 9 Density of
energy states in low-dimensional electronic systems - Statistics of charge
carriers in lowdimensional systems - Evolution from the discrete to the
continuous spectra in quantization direction for low-dimensional systems for
different dimensions Quasi-lowdimensional systems - 2D and 3D shielding
Electrons in quantum semiconductor structures: an introduction;-Electrons in
quantum semiconductor structures: more advanced systems and methods
UNIT III OPTICAL PROPERTIES.
9 Phonons in low-dimensional semiconductor
structures; -Localization and transport -Electronic states and optical
properties of quantum wells -Optical properties of low dimensional systems
(transition rules, polarization etc). Transport properties of 2D and 1D
systems. Quantized conductance with Landauer-formalism. Scattering phenomena in
1D. Devices based on quantum phenomena and Coulomb blockade. Nonlinear optics
in low-dimensional semiconductors .
UNIT IV SEMICONDUCTOR
LASER 9
(Condition for gain, gain spectrum, threshold current, double heterostructures,
quantum well laser, quantum dot laser) - Light modulation using semiconductor
quantum structures. (Excitons, Quantum Confined Stark Effect)- . High electron
mobility transistor (HEMT). (Mobility, modulation doping) - Quantum Hall effect
(Resistance standard)- High speed heterostructure devices- Multiple-MicroCavity
(MMC) lasers, Deeply Etched Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) lasers, Coupled
Cavity (CC) lasers, Distributed Reflector (DR) lasers, and Membrane lasers
REFERENCES:
1.
Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures: Fundamentals
and Device Applications, Keith Barnham, Cambridge press, 2008
2.
Singh, J. Semiconductor Optoelectronics
(McGraw-Hill)
3.
Wilson, J.F. & Hawkes, J. Optoelectronics, an
Introduction (Prentice and Hall)
4.
Hawkes, J. & Latimer, I. Lasers, Theory and
Practice
5.
Barnham, K. & Vvedensky, D. Low dimensional
semiconductors; fundamentals and applications
6.
Davies, J H: The Physics of Low-dimensional
Semiconductors: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press 1997.
LO8007 MATERIALS PROCESSING BY
LASERS L
T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
To educate the students about the applications of lasers in
materials processing.
OUTCOME:
The students will
gain knowledge about industrial laser systems and interaction of laser
radiation with matter.
UNIT I INDUSTRIAL LASER SYSTEMS 9
High power laser systems - Focusing optics - Steering optics
- Mechanisms - Overview of industrial lasers - CW & pulsed - Q-switched and Mode locked.
UNIT II THERMAL
PROCESSES IN INTERACTION ZONE 15 Depth of
penetration with respect to laser energy density - Reflectivity of Metals with
respect to wavelength - Rate of heating and cooling - Maximum temperature rise
and depth of hardened layer - Different gases used during laser materials
processing - Operational parameters in laser materials processing - Key hole
effect.
UNIT III SURFACE TREATMENT 7
Surface modification:- surface
cladding - surface alloying - Hard facing - Shock hardening - laser parameters for surface alloying -
process variables - Beam profiles -
Different methods to obtain desired penetration depths - Experimental set-up.
UNIT IV
LASER WELDING 7
Different modes of laser beam
welding - Comparison between laser beam
and electron beam welding - Influence of different parameters -
Absorptivity - Welding speed - Focussing conditions - Advantages and
limitations of laser welding - Laser welding of industrial materials - Recent
developments in laser welding techniques
UNIT V
LASER CUTTING AND DRILLING 7
Laser energy density for cutting
and drilling - Melt flashing mechanism - Various assisting gases and their
importance - Advantages of laser cutting - Laser instrumentation for cutting
and drilling - Factors affecting cutting rates - Effect of laser pulse energy
on diameter and depth of drilled hole.
TOTAL: 45
PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1.
Wilson J., Hawkes J.F.B., 'Optoelectronics - An
Introduction', Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1996.
2.
Reddy J.F., 'High Power Laser Applications', Academic
Press, 1977.
3.
Ian W. Boyd, 'Laser Processing of Thin Films and
Microstructures', Springer - Verlag, 1987.
4.
Duley W.W., 'Laser Processing and Analysis of
Materials', Plenum Press, New York, 1983.
5.
Rykalni, Ugloo A., Kokona A., 'Laser and Electron Beam
Material Processing Hand Book, MIR Publishers, 1987.
LO8008 MEDICAL APPLICATION OF
LASERS
L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
To guide the students in different applications of lasers in
the medical field.
OUTCOME:
The students will learn about laser tissue interaction,
photobiology and thermal and non-thermal applications of lasers.
UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF LASER-TISSUE
INTERACTION 9 Laser
Characteristics as applied to medicine and biology - Laser tissue interaction -
Photophysical process - Photo biological process - Absorption by biological
systems - Different types of interaction - Thermal photochemical (one photon
and multiphoton) - Electromechanical - Photoablative processes
UNIT II PHOTOBIOLOGY
AND MEDICAL LASERS 9 Study
of biological functions - Microradiation of cells - optical properties of
tissues (normal and diseased state) - Experimental methods to determine the
reflectance, absorption, transmittance and emission properties of tissues -
Laser systems in medicine and biology - Nd:YAG, Ar ion, CO2, Excimer,
N2, Gold Vapour laser - Beam delivery and measuring systems
UNIT III THERMAL APPLICATIONS 9
Surgical applications of lasers
- Sterilization - hermostasis - Cancer Liver stomach gynecological surgeries -
Performance evaluation - Lasers in Opthalmology - Dermatology and Dentistry –
Cosmetic Surgery.
UNIT IV NON THERMAL APPLICATIONS 13
Trace
element detection - Laser induced fluorescence studies - Cancer diagnosis -
Photo radiation therapy of tumours - Lasers in endoscopy – Lasers in laproscopy
- Lasers in trapping of cells and genetic engineering - Bio simulation -
Holographic and speckle application of lasers in biology and medicine.
UNIT V SAFETY REGULATIONS 5
Protection standards for lasers - Safety regulation - Specific precautions-
Medical surveillance.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. Martellucci.
S. S., and Chester. A.N., 'Laser Photobiology and Photomedicine' Plenum Press, New York, 1985.
2. Pratesi.
R., and Sacchi. C.A., 'Lasers in Photomedicine and Photobiology', Springer
verlag, West Germany, 1980.
3. Carruth
JAS & AL Mckenzie, 'Medical Lasers Science and Clinical Practice', Adam
Hilger Ltd., Bristol, 1991.
4. Kaluylu.
T, Tsukakoshi. M, 'Laser Microradiation of cells', Harward Academic publishers, New York, 1990.
LO8009
NANOPHOTONICS
L T P C
3 0
0 3
UNIT I PHOTONIC PROPERTIES OF
NANOMATERIALS
9 Photon
absorption – photon emission – photon scattering – metals: permittivity and the
free electron plasma – extinction coefficient of metal particle – colours and
uses of gold and silver particles. Semiconductors: Tuning the band gap of
nanoscale semiconductors – the colours and uses of quantum dots – nanoscale
interactions of electronic interactions - lasers based on quantum confinement.
Optical luminescence and fluorescence from direct, bandgap semiconductor
nanoparticles - carrier injection - polymer-nanoparticle LED’s and solar cells
– electroluminescence - doping nanoparticles - Mn-ZnSe phosphors - light
emission from indirect semiconductors - light emission from Si nanodots.
UNIT II PHYSICS OF PHOTONIC CRYSTALS 9
Maxwell’s Equations - Bloch’s Theorem - Photonic Band Gap
and Localized Defect StatesTransmission Spectra - Nonlinear Optics in Linear
Photonic Crystals - Guided Modes in Photonic Crystals Slab. Photonic crystal
optical circuitry - 1-D Quasi Phase Matching - Nonlinear Photonic Crystal
Analysis – Nonlinear photonic crystals – photonic crystal fibers – photonic
crystal sensor.Materials: LiNbO3, Chalcogenide Glasses, etc, Wavelength
Converters, etc.
UNIT III NEAR-FIELD INTERACTION AND
MICROSCOPY 9 The
limits of light: conventional optics – near filed optics – theoretical modeling
of near-field nanoscopic interactions – near-field microscopy – near field
studies in quantum dots, single-molecule spectroscopy and nonlinear optical
processes – apertureless near-field spectroscopy and microscopy – nanoscale
enhancement of optical interactions – time-and-space-resolved studies of
nanoscale dynamics. Optical tweezers.
UNIT IV PLASMONICS 9
Introduction: Plasmonics - merging photonics and electronics
at nanoscale dimensions - single photon transistor using surface Plasmon -
nanowire surface plasmons-interaction with matter, single emitter as saturable
mirror, photon correlation, and integrated systems. All optical modulation by
plasmonic excitation of quantum dots,– plasmonic wave guiding – applications of
metallic nanostructures.
UNIT V NANOPHOTONICS FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND
NANOMEDICINE 9 Near-field bioimaging – nanoparticles
for optical diagnostics and targeted therapy – semiconductor quantum dots for
bioimaging – up-converting nanophores for bioimaging – biosensing. polariton
guiding by subwavelength metal grooves. Subwavelength aperture plasmonics –
plasmonic wave guiding – applications of metallic nanostructures.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. Paras
N. Prasad, “Nanophotonics”, Wiley-Interscience (2004).
2. Sergey
V. Gaponenko, “Introduction to nanophotonics”, Cambridge Univ.Press,
Cambridge (2010).
3. Ben
Rogers, S. Pennathur and J. Adams, “Nanotechnology: Understanding small
systems”, CRC Press, Boca Raton
(2008).
4. Klaus
D. Satller, “Handbook of Nanophysics-6: Nanoelectronics and nanophotonics”,
Taylor & Francis Group (2010)
5. V.V.
Klimov, “Nanoplasmonics”, Taylor & Francis Group (2011).
LO8010 NONLINEAR FIBER OPTICS
L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
To make the students understand the fundamentals of
nonlinear fiber optics with a special emphasis on optical communication.
OUTCOME:
The students gain knowledge
about nonlinear fiber optics and fundamentals of soliton dynamics.
UNIT I
FIBER NONLINEARITIES 9
Introduction - Nonlinear Refraction - Maxwell's Equations - Fiber Modes -
Eigen value Equations - Single Mode Condition - Nonlinear pulse Propagation -
Higher Order Nonlinear Effects.
UNIT II GROUP VELOCITY DISPERSION AND PHASE
MODULATION 10
Gaussian Pulse - Chirped Gaussian Pulse - Higher Order
Dispersions - Changes in Pulse Shape – Self Phase Modulation (SPM) induced
Spectral Broadening - Non-linear Phase Shift - Effect of Group Velocity
Dispersion - Self Steepening - Application of SPM- Cross Phase Modulation (XPM)
- Coupling between Waves of Different Frequencies - Non-linear Birefringence -
Optical Kerr Effect - Pulse Shaping.
UNIT III OPTICAL SOLITONS AND DISPERSION
MANAGEMENT 9
Soliton Characteristics -
Soliton Stability - Dark Solitons – Other kinds of Solitons - Effect of
Birefringence in Solitons - Solitons based Fiber Optic Communication System
(Qualitative treatment) – Demerits -
Dispersion Managed Solitons (DMS).
UNIT IV SOLITON LASERS 8
Non-linear Fiber Loop Mirrors - Soliton Lasers - Fiber Raman
Lasers - Fiber Raman Amplifiers - Fiber Raman Solitons - Erbium doped fiber
amplifiers.
UNIT V APPLICATIONS OF SOLITONS 9
DMS for single channel transmission – WDM transmission -
Fiber Gratings- Fiber Couplers – Fiber Interferometers – Pulse Compression –
Soliton Switching – Soliton light wave systems.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. Govind P.
Agrawal, 'Nonlinear Fiber Optics', Academic Press, New York (1995).
2. A. Hasegawa
and M. Matsumoto, ‘ Optical Solitons in Fibers’, Springer, Berlin (2003).
3. Govind P.
Agrawal, 'Applications of Nonlinear Fiber Optics', Academic Press, New York
(2001).
4. M.
Lakshmanan and S. Rajasekar, ‘Nonlinear Dynamics: Integrability, Chaos and
Patterns’, Springer, Berlin (2003).
5. Y.
S. Kivshar and Govind Agrawal, ‘Optical Solitons : From Fibers to Photonic
Crystals’, Academic Press, New York (2003).
LO8011 OPTICAL COMPUTING AND SIGNAL PROCESSING L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
To introduce the concept of optical computing and the signal
processing.
.
OUTCOME:
The students will learn about optical computing and
application of Fourier optics in image
processing.
UNIT I
FOURIER OPTICS AND IMAGE
PROCESSING 9
A short history of the Field of
Optical Computing – Fourier Optics – Correlation and Convolution – Fourier
Transform with lenses – Grating filters – Complex transform filters – Fourier
holograms – Optical image processing.
UNIT II OPTICAL COMPUTING WITH SPATIAL
LIGHT MODULATOR (SLM) 10 Introduction –
Liquid crystal light valve – Micro channel Spatial Light Modulator – Numerical
optical computing basics – Logic gates using SLMs – Flip-flops – Optical binary
temporal integrator – optical circuits – Optical switching network – Optical
matrix computations – Optical matrix
vector multiplier – Matrix-Matrix Multiplier – Optical implementation of
Matrix-vector multiplier.
UNIT III OPTICAL SWITCHING
DEVICES 9
Types of switching devices – some requirements of switching devices –
Networks – Role of optical switching – Implications of optical switching –
Circuit switches – Four port Directional coupler switches and switch matrices –
active path optical switches with electrical control – optical logic devices
for switching – The electronics-optics interface – A self routing wideband
switching matrix.
UNIT IV
OPTICAL
INTERCONNECTIONS 9
Introduction – Types of optical
interconnections – Specific properties of optical interconnections – Power
requirements of optical interconnections – Fan-in and Fan-out properties of
Optical interconnections – Multistage interconnections.
UNIT V OPTICAL NEURAL
NETWORKS
8 Optical computing and neural networks – Optical linear neural nets – Non-linear neural networks – Auto associative
and self-organizing networks – Recent advances.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1.
Mohammad A. Karim and Abdul A.S. Awwal, ‘ Optical
Computing – An
2.
Introduction’, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
3.
Alistair D. McAulay, ' Optical Computer Architectures',
John Wiley & Sons, 1991.
4.
Dror G. Fritelson, ' Optical Computing', The MIT Press,
1988.
5.
Wherrett B. S., and Tooley F. A. P., ' Optical
Computing', Heriot-Watt University,
Edinburgh, 1988.
6.
Henri H. Arsenault et al., 'Optical Processing and
Computing', Academic Press, London, 1989.
LO8012 OPTICAL DISPLAYS AND STORAGE
DEVICES L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
To study about the principles of optical displays and optics
based data storage devices.
OUTCOME:
Understanding the concept of physics, technology and
applications of optical displays and optical information storage devices.
UNIT I VISUAL SYSTEM, COLOUR VISION AND
COLORIMETRY 9
Introduction – evolution of display technologies – eye anatomy and eye optics –
visual performance of the eye – models of visual performance and photometry.
Colour vision and colorimetry: colour vision basics – colour matching – colour
systems and spaces – colorimetry. Holographic optical elements – optical
holography.
UNIT II 2D DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY
9 Display system interfaces and performance parameters – CRT
displays – Transmissive displays, reflective displays, transreflective displays
– emissive displays. Flat panel displays: AMLCD, LCOS, Plasma, OLED –
projection systems – new display technologies: high dynamic range display –
bidirectional displays – projection displays - enriched colour display. Display
metrology: display performance measurement and calibration – display evaluation
– colour management and calibration.
UNIT III BINOCULAR VISION AND 3D DISPLAY
TECHNOLOGY 9
Binocular vision and perception basics – 3D display principles and techniques:
Basics, spatial stereoscopic displays – autostereoscopic displays – light-field
displays – computer generated holograms – 3D media encoding. Near-Eye displays
(NEDs): Eye physiology – brightness and power consumption – technologies for
NEDs – examples – optical design – laser displays – holographic image
generation for NEDs – optical combiners – contact lens displays – adaptive
displays and eye tracking – image integration.
UNIT IV DIGITAL VIDEO DISPLAY 9
General principles – interlaced versus progressive video
signals and displays – differences between displaying video and graphics.
Digital video deinterlacing/interlacing: Algorithms imported from graphics –
vertical-temporal deinterlacing – film source – field rate conversion – display
of graphics on interlaced displays. Digital image display: standard and high
definition television formats – integrating video data with digital processing
parameters.
UNIT V OPTICAL DATA STORAGE SYSTEMS 9
Overview – basics of optical storage – theoretical aspects of phase-change
alloys – thermal modeling of phase-change recording – data recording
characteristics – recording media. Optical data media formats – materials for
optical data storage - Holographic data storage – applications.
TOTAL:
45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
Rolf R. Hainich and Oliver Bimber, “Displays: Fundamentals
and applications”, CRC Press (2011).
1.
Lindsay MacDonald and A.C. Lowe (Eds.), “Display
systems: Design and applications”, Wiley (1997).
2.
G. Berbecel, “Digital image display: Algorithms and
implementation”, Wiley (2003).
3.
E.R. Meinders, A.V. Mijiritskii, Liesbeth van Pieterson
and M. Wuttig, “ Optical data storage: Phase-changing media and recording”,
Springer (2006).
4.
Demetri Psaltis, G. T. Sincerbox and A.M. Glass”,
“Holographic data storage”, Springer (2000).
LO8013 OPTICAL SWITCHING AND
NETWORKS L T
P C
3 0
0 3
UNIT I OPTICAL SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND NETWORK DESIGN 9 Optical System
Components: Filters, Couplers, Isolators, attenuators, amplifiers, Circulators,
repeaters, combiners – modems – Add Drop Multiplexers (ADM) – optical switches
(Electro-optical, mechanical & photonic) – optical line termination –
optical network unit – optical network termination. Transmission System
Engineering: System model, Power penalty -
transmitter, receiver, crosstalk, dispersion – soliton systems -
Wavelength stabilization -Overall design considerations.
UNIT II
OPTICAL NETWORK
ARCHITECTURES 9
Introduction to Optical Networks: Multiplexing techniques –
second-generation optical networks – optical layer – transparency – optical
packet switching - SONET / SDH, optical transport network – framing – Ethernet
– IP – multiprotocol label switching – resilient packet ring – storage-area
networks.
UNIT III
WAVELENGTH ROUTING NETWORKS 9
WDM Network Elements; Optical
line terminals – optical line amplifiers – optical add/drop multiplexers –
optical crossconnects - WDM Network Design - Cost tradeoffs, Virtual Topology
Design, Routing and wavelength assignment, Statistical Dimensioning Models.
UNIT IV PACKET SWITCHING AND ACCESS
NETWORKS
9 Photonic Packet Switching – OTDM, Multiplexing and Demultiplexing,
Synchronisation, Header Processing, Buffering, Burst Switching, Testbeds;
Access Networks.
UNIT V NETWORK MANAGEMENT AND
SURVIVABILITY
9 Control and Management – Network management functions – optical
layer services and interfacing – layers within the optical layer – multivendor
interoperability - Configuration
management, Optical safety, Service interface; network Survivability-
Protection in SONET / SDH and IP Networks, Optical layer Protection, Interworking
between layers.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. Rajiv
Ramaswami and Kumar N. Sivarajan, “Optical Networks : A Practical Perspective”,
Elsevier. (2010)
2. Vivek
Alwayn, “Optical network design and implementation”, Cisco Press, (2004).
3. Steven
Shepard,”Optical networking crash course”, McGraw-Hill, (2008)
4. Robert
C. Elsenpeter, “ Optical networking: A begineer’s guide”, McGraw-Hill (2001)
5. L.
Harte and D. Eckard, “Introduction to optical communication, lightwave
technology, fiber transmission and
optical networks”, Althos Publishing (2005).
6. C.
Siva Ram Moorthy and Mohan Gurusamy,
“WDM Optical Networks : Concept,
7. Design
and Algorithms”, Prentice Hall of India,
Ist Edition, (2002).
8. Biswanath
Mukherjee, “Optical WDM Networks”, Springer, 2006.
LO8014
QUANTUM OPTICS
L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
To study about the science of light and its interaction with
matter which requires quantum mechanics to describe it.
OUTCOME:
Understanding the concept of physical principles involved in
the light interaction of matter through quantum mechanics. The technology and
application of quantum optics in information processing and cryptography will
be covered.
UNIT I PHOTON STATISTICS 8 Formalism
of quantum mechanics – radiative transitions in atoms. Introduction to photon
statistics – photon-counting statistics – coherent light: Poissonian photon
statistics – classification of light by photon statistics – super-Poissonian
light – sub-Possonian light – theory of photodetection – shot noise photodiodes
– Observation of sub-Poissonian photon statistics.
UNIT II
PHOTON ANTIBUNCHING (PA) 8
Introduction – Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiments and classical
intensity fluctuations – second order correlation function – Hanbury
Brown-Twiss experiments with photons – photon bunching and antibunching –
experimental demonstrations of PA – single photon sources.
UNIT III COHERENT STATES AND SQUEEZED
LIGHT
9 Light waves as classical harmonic oscillator – phasor diagrams and
field quadratures – light as quantum harmonic oscillator – vacuum field –
coherent states – shot noise and number-phase uncertainty – squeezed states –
detection – generation of squeezed states – quantum noise in amplifiers –
Quantum theory of Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiments.
UNIT IV ATOM-PHOTON INTERACTIONS 9
Resonant light-atom interactions: Preliminary concepts –
time-dependent Schrodinger equation – weak-field limit – strong-field limit –
Bloch sphere. Atoms in cavities: Optical cavities – atom-cavity coupling (weak
and strong coupling). Cold atoms: laser cooling – Bose-Einstein condensation –
atom lasers.
UNIT V QUANTUM INFORMATION PROCESSING 11 Quantum
cryptography: Classical cryptography – basics of quantum cryptography – quantum
key distribution – system errors – single photon sources – experiments. Quantum
computing: Quantum bits – quantum logic gates – decoherence and error
correction – applications of quantum computers – experiments. Entangled states
and quantum teleportation: Entangled states – generation of entangled photon
pairs – single-photon interference experiments – Bell’s theorem – principles of
teleportation – experiments.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1) Mark
Fox, “Quantum optics”, Oxford University Press, (2006).
2) C.
Gerry and P. Knight, “Introductory quantum optics”, Cambridge University
Press
(2004).
3) D.F.
Walls and G. J. Milburn, “Quantum optics”, Springer (2010).
4) M.O.
Scully and M. Suhail Zubairy, “Quantum optics”, Cambridge University Press
(1997).
5) G.S.
Agarwal, “Quantum optics”, Cambridge University Press (2013).
6) R.
Loudon, “The quantum theory of light”, Oxford University Press (2000).
LO8015 RADIATION SOURCES AND DETECTORS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
To educate the students the importance of radiation sources
and detectors
OUTCOME:
The students will learn about
physics of radiation from different sources in different signals of
electromagnetic spectrum. Further, they will understand the principle involved
in fabrication of different radiation detectors.
UNIT I SOURCES OF RADIATION
12 Basic radiative
transfer - Radiance and radiometric quantities - The angular range – Radiometric
– Photometric units and their relationship – geometrical radiation
transfer - Radiant intensity and their
profiles – Lambertian – point – exponent profiles - Optical transfer function –
Numerical aperture - Sources - Natural and luminescent sources of radiation.,
blackbody radiation - Infrared, Ultraviolet,
Visible radiation sources - radiometric measurements and
calibration.
UNIT II SPECTROSCOPY AND OPTICAL DEVICES 8 Electromagnetic spectrum – Wave and quantum
aspects - Atomic, molecular and
vibrational spectroscopy -
Electronic, vibrational and rotational transitions - Selection rules – IR, VIS,
UV radiation - Absorption & Emission Spectroscopy - Devices – Materials for reflection and transmission -
Reflective losses and their reduction - Different types of filters and their
applications.
UNIT III DETECTOR CHARACTERISTICS 9 Basic
detector mechanisms - radiometric instruments and detector interfaces - Photon
detection process – Photon effects – Thermal effect – wave interaction effect –
Noise in radiation detectors – Figure of merit - Spectral response – Responsivity – Noise
equivalent power – Detectivity – Frequency response – Response time – Negative
Electron Affinity (NEA) - Optical receivers -
preamplifiers.
UNIT IV CONVENTIONAL DETECTORS
9 Photomultipliers,
microchannel analyzer, photoresistors, photodiodes, nonselective detectors -
Thermal and photoemissive detectors - Photoconductive and photovoltaic
detectors, performance limits. Photographic, thermoplastic materials -
Sensitivity, time and frequency response - eye and vision, photographic film -
Camera tubes.
UNIT V
MODERN DETECTORS 7
Hybrid photodetectors - Imaging detectors - solid-state
arrays, video, Detector electronics, detector interfacing - Different CCD
cameras- Digital camera – Optical Multichannel Analyzer – Monochromator – Photo
transistors – Photo thyristors – Triac -
Box-car Averager – Integrating Sphere – Streak Camera.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. White
H.E., 'Introduction of Atomic Spectra', McGraw Hill, International Students
Edition, 1985.
2. Barrow
G.M., 'Molecular Spectroscopy', McGraw Hill, Kugakusha, New Delhi, 1982.
3. *Keyes
R.J., 'Optical and Infrared Detectors', Topics in Applied Physics, Springer
Verlag, 1977.
4. *Jurgen
R.Meyer- Arendi, ‘Introduction to Classical and Modern Optics’, Prentice Hall
of India Pvt.Ltd., 1988.
5. Roger
M.Wood, ‘Optical Materials’, The Institute of Materials, London, UK, 1993.
6. Dereniak
E.L. and Crowe D.G., 'Optical Radiation Detectors', John Wiley, New York, 1984.
7. Endel
UIGA, ‘Optoelectronics’, Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersey, 1995.
8. Bhattacharya
B.P., ‘Semiconductor and Optoelectronic Devices’, Prentice Hall, 1996.
9. Sze
S.M., “High Speed Semiconductor Devices”, John Wiley, 1990.
LO8016 REMOTE SENSING BY
LASERS
L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
To teach the students understand the basic principles of
remote sensing by lasers.
OUTCOME:
The students will learn about the basics of remote sensing.
UNIT I
ECOSYSTEM 8
Atmosphere - Hydrosphere - Biosphere Main feature contents -
Dynamical Variation - their influence on human life - Changes in ecosystem by
natural and anthropogenic causes
UNIT II SOURCES AND DETECTORS FOR REMOTE SENSING 6 CO2 ,
N2 , Dye, Ar-ion, Excimer Lasers - Optical Telescopes - Light
collection filtering receivers - diodes and PMT - Sensitivity Limit.
UNIT III
PRINCIPLES AND DESIGN OF SYSTEMS 6
Scattering form LIDAR Equations – DIAL equations –
Fluorescent form – analysis and interpretation of LIDAR signals – spectral
rejection of laser backscattered radiation – Differential absorption detection
limiter – Raman scattering.
UNIT IV
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION AND SURVEILLANCE 15
Pollution Source Monitoring - Detection limit - Source
Detector Characteristics - Detection of
OH ion SO2, CO2, CO, NO, N2O, methane,
ethylene in industrial environment, green House gases detection - Ozone
Depletion Study.
UNIT V
HYDROSPHERIC LIDAR APPLICATION 10
LIF by UV Laser - Laser Fluoresensor - Oil Slick,
Chlorophyll - Laser Phytoplankton mapping - Study on Shoals - Coral reefs.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1. Piemental,
'Analytical Applications of Lasers', Wiley Interscience, 1986.
2. Hinckley
E.D., 'Laser Monitoring of Atmospheric', Springer, verlag, New York, 1976.
3. Measures
R.M., 'Laser Remote Sensing', Wiley Interscience, New York, 1984. * Text Book.
LO8017 ULTRAFAST
OPTICS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
To study about the physics and technological applications of
ultrashort laser pulses.
OUTCOME:
Understanding the concept of physics, technology and
applications of ultra short laser pulses. Course will cover the basic concepts
of ultrafast laser pulse generation, mode-locking, higher-order effects and
spectroscopy.
UNIT I ULTRAFAST PULSE GENERATION 9 Introduction
– laser basics – short pulse generation via mode-locking – active mode-locking:
frequency domain treatment – passive-mode locking with saturable absorbers –
solid state model locking using the optical Kerr effect – solid state mode
locking including phase effects.
UNIT II ULTRASHORT PULSE MEASUREMENT
9 Introduction – electric filed autocorrelation – intensity auto
correlation – electric field-corss correlation and spectral interferometry –
chirped pulses and measurement in the time-frequency domain –
frequency-resolved optical gating – characterization of noise and jitter.
UNIT III DISPERSION AND DISPERSION COMPENSATION 9
Introduction – group velocity dispersion – temporal
dispersion based on angular dispersion – dispersion with grating and prism
sequences – dispersion properties of lenses – dispersion properties of mirror
structures – measurement of group velocity dispersion – frequency dependent
storage time.
UNIT IV ULTRAFAST NONLINEAR OPTICS 9
Propagation equation for nonlinear refractive index media –
self-phase modulation – pulse compression and solitons – higher order
propagation effects: delayed nonlinear index and Raman scattering –
higher-order propagation effects: delayed nonlinear index and Raman scattering
– soliton effects in model-locked lasers with fast self-amplitude modulation –
mode locked frequency combing.
UNIT V ULTRAFAST SPECTROSCOPY 9
Ultra short pulse amplification – Fourier transform pulse shaping – space-time
duality and temporal imaging – ultrafast spectroscopy: degenerate pump-probe
transmission measurements – coherent short pulse spectroscopy – dephasing
phenomena – impulsive stimulated Raman scattering.
TOTAL
: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES:
1) A.
Weiner, “Ultrafast optics”, Wiley (2009).
2) Jean-Claude
Diels, W. Rudolph, “Ultra short laser phenomena”, Academic Press (2006).
3) S.
Watanabe, K. Midorikawa (Eds.), “Ultrafast optics V”, Springer (2007).
4) M.E.
Fermann, A. Galvanauskas,G.Sucha (Eds.)., “Ultrafast lasers: Technology and
applications”, Marcel Dekker, New York
(2003).
5) H.
Ishikawa, “Ultrafast all-optical signal processing devices”, Wiley (2008).
great
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